Nanotoxicology: Assessing the Safety of Nanoparticles in Biomedical Applications

Abstract

The advent of nanotechnology has transformed biomedical applications, offering groundbreaking advancements in drug delivery, imaging, and diagnostics. Nanoparticles (NPs) provide unique physicochemical properties, such as high surface area-to-volume ratio and tunable surface chemistry, which enhance their biomedical efficacy. However, the widespread use of NPs raises concerns regarding their potential toxicological effects, leading to the emergence of nanotoxicology as a critical field of study.
This review delves into the mechanisms of nanoparticle-induced toxicity, including oxidative stress, inflammation, genotoxicity, and cellular dysfunction. The toxic effects of NPs are influenced by their size, shape, surface charge, composition, and aggregation state, which dictate their interactions with biological systems. Various exposure routes, including inhalation, ingestion, dermal contact, and
systemic administration, further modulate toxicity outcomes. To ensure safe biomedical applications, rigorous assessment methodologies such as in vitro assays, in vivo studies, and computational models are employed to evaluate NP biocompatibility and toxicity. Furthermore, strategies to mitigate risks—such as surface modifications, biocompatible coatings, and dose optimization—are discussed to enhance NP safety profiles. By critically analyzing existing literature, this article provides insights into the current understanding of nanoparticle toxicity and its implications in biomedical fields. Addressing these concerns is vital for the safe and sustainable development of nanotechnology-based therapeutics and diagnostics. Continued research and regulatory frameworks are essential to balance innovation with safety, ensuring that nanomedicine can achieve its full potential without compromising human health.