Beta-Blockers in Heart Failure: Mechanisms, Efficacy, and Clinical Applications

Abstract

Heart failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome characterized by the heart's inability to pump sufficient blood to meet the body's metabolic demands. It can result from various cardiac conditions, including ischemic heart disease, hypertension, and cardiomyopathies. The prevalence of heart failure is increasing globally, affecting millions of individuals and leading to significant morbidity and mortality. Patients often present with symptoms such as dyspnea, fatigue, and fluid retention, which severely impact their quality of life.