Precision medicine in cancer treatment: Are we there yet?

Abstract

Precision medicine (PM) is revolutionizing cancer treatment by tailoring therapies based on individual genetic, molecular, and environmental factors. This approach moves beyond traditional one-sizefits- all treatments, offering more targeted and personalized care. Advances in genomic technologies, molecular profiling, and biomarkers have led to significant progress, enabling the development of therapies, such as imatinib for chronic myeloid leukemia and BRCA-targeted treatments for breast cancer. Despite these achievements, challenges remain, including tumor heterogeneity, drug resistance, cost, and limited access to genomic testing. Ethical considerations and regulatory hurdles also impede the widespread adoption of PM. This review explores the current state of precision oncology, highlights key developments, and examines the barriers to its integration into clinical practice. It also looks toward future prospects, including the role of artificial intelligence, gene editing technologies, such as CRISPR, and liquid biopsies, all of which promise to enhance treatment personalization and improve outcomes. Continued research, policy reforms, and equitable access to advanced diagnostics and treatments are essential for unlocking the full potential of PM in cancer care.