High-Alert Medications: Strategies for Safe Use in Hospitals

Abstract

High-alert medications (HAMs) are drugs that carry a heightened risk of causing significant patient harm when used incorrectly. Errors involving these medications can lead to severe complications, prolonged hospitalization, or even fatal outcomes. This review explores the classification, risk factors, and evidence-based strategies for ensuring the safe use of HAMs in hospital settings. Factors contributing to medication errors include human-related issues such as fatigue and miscommunication, system-based deficiencies like poor workflow design, and drug-related challenges such as look-alike/sound-alike names. To mitigate risks, hospitals implement standardized protocols, advanced storage and labeling practices, computerized physician order entry (CPOE), automated dispensing systems, and infusion pumps with dose-error reduction software. The role of healthcare professionals, particularly pharmacists and nurses, in monitoring, verification, and patient education is also emphasized. Furthermore, technological advancements, including electronic health records (EHRs) and artificial intelligence (AI)-driven alerts, play a crucial role in enhancing medication safety. Case studies highlighting successful HAM safety initiatives and challenges in implementing these measures are discussed. A multidisciplinary approach, continuous staff training, and policy updates are essential to reducing medication errors. This review underscores the need for ongoing research and innovation to enhance the safe administration of high-alert medications in hospital environments.