Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs: Innovations in Combating Resistance in Hospitals

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a critical global health threat, particularly in hospital settings where multidrug-resistant pathogens contribute to increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs (ASPs) play a pivotal role in optimizing antibiotic use, minimizing resistance, and improving patient outcomes. This review explores recent innovations in ASPs that enhance their effectiveness in hospital settings. Advances in rapid diagnostic technologies, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDITOF) mass spectrometry, enable early pathogen detection, facilitating timely and targeted therapy. Artificial intelligence and machine learning models are increasingly integrated into electronic health records to guide antimicrobial decision-making. Additionally, pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) optimization through therapeutic drug monitoring and Bayesian modeling ensures precise antibiotic dosing. Alternative approaches, including bacteriophage therapy, antimicrobial peptides, and anti-virulence strategies, offer promising avenues in combating resistant infections. Telemedicine and elearning platforms further support ASP implementation by providing remote consultation and continuous medical education. Despite these advancements, challenges such as resource limitations, clinician resistance, and policy variability hinder widespread adoption. Strengthening global collaborations and regulatory frameworks is essential for sustainable ASP integration. This review highlights the need for continued innovation and interdisciplinary efforts to combat AMR in hospitals effectively.