Current Trends in Immunotherapy for Autoimmune Diseases: A Focus on Monoclonal Antibodies

Abstract

Immunotherapy, particularly monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), has transformed the treatment of autoimmune diseases by offering targeted therapeutic strategies that modulate the immune response. This review explores the mechanisms, clinical applications, and current challenges associated with monoclonal antibodies in the management of autoimmune disorders. Emphasis is placed on key therapeutic targets such as TNF-α, IL-6, CD20, and CTLA-4, which have revolutionized treatment paradigms for diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Furthermore, this article addresses the limitations of mAb therapy, including immunogenicity, adverse effects, and accessibility, while providing insights into future directions for more precise and effective treatments.